what are the fundamental principles in the definition of philosophy

The online version of the Collins Dictionary has just been updated again, with another batch of new words and meanings inspired by the events of the summer. The Fundamental Principles: Axioms. Put concisely, it is the study of knowledge and justified belief. Fallibilismdoctrine that absolute certainty about knowledge is impossible; or at least that all claims to knowledge could, in principle, be mistaken. This includes Aristotle’s view of the relation of soul and body held also by the stoics and scholastics. Speciesism belief that rights, and moral standing and/or moral personhood ought to be assigned on the basis of species membership. Postmodernism philosophical movement characterized by the postmodern criticism and analysis of Western philosophy. Jansenism a branch of Catholic thought that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Statements that are comprehensive and meet the requirements of Occam’s razor are usually to be preferred. Philosophers of sensualism include John Locke and Étienne Bonnot de Condillac. It exists both in a classical naive version, which has been highly influential, and in various more sophisticated versions. Socialism had its origins in the ideals of The Enlightenment, during the Industrial Age/Age of Industrialization, amid yearnings for a more egalitarian society. Automatism or Surrealist automatism an artistic technique of spontaneous writing, drawing, or the like practiced without conscious aesthetic or moral self-censorship. The general principle of holism is concisely summarized by the phrase “The whole is more than the sum of its parts.” Holism is seen as the opposite of reductionism.Humanism[1]a range of ethical views that consider human nature to be the source of values. They advocate a return to non-”civilized” ways of life through deindustrialisation, abolition of division of labour or specialization, and abandonment of technology. Eudaimonism A system of ethics that evaluates actions in terms of their capacity to produce happiness. Absentee Ballot vs. Mail-In Ballot: Is There A Difference? Pragmatism objects to the view that human concepts and intellect represent reality, and therefore stands in opposition to both formalist and rationalist schools of philosophy. These spirits are believed to lie on a higher spiritual plane than humans, and are therefore capable of providing guidance in both worldly and spiritual matters. The name is most commonly applied to vitalism, which makes life, or life and mind, the directive principle in evolution and growth, holding that life is not merely mechanical but that there is a directive force that guides energy without altering its amount. Philosophy should provide strict criteria for judging sentences true, false and meaningless. Aristotelianism tradition of philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. The basic teachings of Buddhism have to do with the nature of suffering or dissatisfaction (dukkha) and its avoidance through ethical principles (the Eightfold Path). Experimentalism a philosophy that uses data obtained from experiments in order to ascertain the integrity of an idea or proposed concept. Florida State Throughout history, humans have had the desire to live forever. Sometimes contrasted by critics with the rationalism and idealism of Plato, Aristotelianism is understood by its proponents as critically developing Plato’s theories. Antinomianism is the polar opposite of legalism, the notion that obedience to a code of religious law is necessary for salvation. The term can also be used in other fields, like politics, sports, psychology and philosophy. Monolatrism a philosophy that holds that there are many gods, with a worshiper of any God receiving his or her blessing. It places great importance on moment-by-moment awareness and ‘seeing deeply into the nature of things’ by direct experience. Immortalism another name for immortality (or eternal life), is the concept of existing for a potentially infinite, or indeterminate length, of time. Instead, all events are taken to be caused directly by God Himself. Polylogism the belief that people who associate with one group or another think differently. Jerry Fodor and Noam Chomsky have been two of mentalism’s most ardent recent defenders. What is in an agent’s self-interest may be incidentally detrimental to, beneficial to, or neutral in its effect on others. It explains the metaphysical principles on which to build the rest of knowledge. Rather, it is a hypothetical ability to have chosen differently if one had been differently psychologically disposed by some different beliefs or desires. There are two main arguments: Kai Nielsen used verifiability theory of meaning to conclude that religious language is meaningless because it is not verifiable, proving weak atheism. In this writing Descartes pours some reflexions about his idea of wisdom and philosophy. As a social movement, feminism largely focuses on limiting or eradicating gender inequality and promoting women’s rights, interests, and issues in society. Before embarking on this study of substance, however, Aristotle goes on in Book Γ to argue that first philosophy, the most general of the sciences, must also address the most fundamental principles—the common axioms—that are used in … What Is The Difference Between “It’s” And “Its”? Anti-realism any position involving either the denial of the objective reality of entities of a certain type or the insistence that humans should be agnostic about their real existence. Yet the phenomenal reality of which humans are normally aware is none of these things; it is in fact just the opposite — i.e., dualistic, finite, full of suffering and pain, and so on. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. They believed that all knowledge should be based on logical inference from simple “protocol sentences” grounded in observable facts. Here Are Our Top English Tips, The Best Articles To Improve Your English Language Usage, The Most Common English Language Questions. The primary purpose of scholasticism was to find the answer to a question or resolve a contradiction. It asserts that not all knowledge is obtained from experience and the senses. More generally, cognitivism with respect to any area of discourse is the position that sentences used in that discourse are cognitive, that is, are meaningful and capable of being true or false. In theater, Classicism was developed by 17th century French playwrights from what they judged to be the rules of Greek classical theater, including the Classical unities of time, place and action.CognitivismIn ethics, cognitivism is the philosophical view that ethical sentences express propositions, and hence are capable of being true or false. All the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month. Optimism historically, the philosophical position that this is the best of all possible worlds, usually associated with Gottfried Leibniz. At its simplest, philosophy (from the Greek or phílosophía, meaning the love of wisdom) is the study of knowledge, or \"thinking about thinking\", although the breadth of what it covers is perhaps best illustrated by a selection of other alternative definitions: Tallahassee, FL 32306, FSU Directory Assistance Those who study philosophy are perpetually engaged in asking, answering, and arguing for their answers to life’s most basic questions. "Basic Principles of Objectivism" is a detailed, 20-lecture, systematic exposition of the philosophy defined by Ayn Rand and introduced in her novels, Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead. A person who studies metaphysics is called a metaphysician. Humanistic naturalism see its entry under naturalism, below. Does English Have More Words Than Any Other Language? Emanationism belief that reality necessarily proceeds from a first Principle. [20]Mohism the philosophy of Chinese philosopher Mozi, distinguished for its principles of universal love and mutual (utilitarian) benefit. basic principle, fundamental principle, fundamentals, basics, bedrock - principles from which other truths can be derived; ... Verene rejects the internalist position adopted by both Descartes and Kant, both of whom exemplify a firm commitment to philosophy as critical analysis, which Verene refers to at times as "reflection." Stoicism a Hellenistic school with the principle that self-control, both emotional and physical, leads to an inner strength and character that enables one to harmoniously interact with the natural world. Capitalism[1]an economic system in which all or most of the means of production are privately owned and operated (usually through employing wage labour, and for profit), and in which the investment of capital and the production, distribution and prices of commodities and services are determined mainly in a free market. In recent times it is usually considered a type of dualism, because it postulates physical events but also non-physical mental events; but historically it has sometimes been thought a kind of monism, because of its sharp divergence from substance dualism. From moonshoot to balconing: discover the latest words added to the Collins Dictionary. Subjectivism a doctrine that associates objects with subjective experience rather than independent existence.Substance monotheism see its entry under theism, below.Substance dualism see its entry under dualism, above. The term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the 20th century. The moral principles Fletcher is specifically referring to are the moral codes of Christianity and the type of love he is specifically referring to is ‘Agape’ love. it could also mean the descriptive view that people are primarily motivated by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. To this end philosophers employ logic to study the nature and structure of arguments. In political philosophy, either of two anti-statist political positions.Logical positivism a philosophy (of science), that originated in the Vienna Circle in the 1920s, which holds that philosophy should aspire to the same sort of rigor as science. A view that holds the opposite is called transcendental realism. Communalism can take the form of communal living or communal property, among others.

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