third reich

Get ready to roister about a perfect score on the words from October 5–11, 2020! The Allies defeated Nazi Germany and forced a German surrender on May 8, 1945. Although Japan was a powerful ally, the relationship was distant, with little co-ordination or co-operation. The planned coup was cancelled after the signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938. [86] Hungary was the fourth nation to join the Axis, signing the Tripartite Pact on 27 September 1940. [401][402] According to 1939 census, 54 percent considered themselves Protestant, 40 percent Roman Catholic, 3.5 percent Gottgläubig (God-believing; a Nazi religious movement) and 1.5 percent nonreligious. They believed Britain would go to war over Hitler's planned invasion of Czechoslovakia, and Germany would lose. The government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. [202] The courts issued and carried out far more death sentences than before the Nazis took power. [247] Large expenditures were made on rearmament in spite of growing deficits. So when I saw the title of this book I thought it might be yet another military history of the Reich albeit in a truncated version. [416][422] In response, Goebbels renewed the regime's crackdown and propaganda against Catholics. The victorious Allies initiated a policy of denazification and put many of the surviving Nazi leadership on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials. New York: Continuum, 1995. [248] Schacht's administration achieved a rapid decline in the unemployment rate, the largest of any country during the Great Depression. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. [280] The number of women in paid employment only increased by 271,000 (1.8 percent) from 1939 to 1944. [409] In 1936, a Confessing Church envoy protested to Hitler against the religious persecutions and human rights abuses. However, with the requirement that men be enlisted into the armed forces during the war, women comprised half of the enrolment in the post-secondary system by 1944. The Nazis encouraged the development of synthetic replacements for materials such as oil and textiles. [113], Hitler's peace overtures to the new British Prime Minister Winston Churchill were rejected in July 1940. The ministry of economy and that of food and agriculture, both in the Reich and in Prussia, were held by the Nationalist Hugenberg. This incident provided the pretext for a pogrom the Nazis incited against the Jews on 9 November 1938. [450], Radio became popular in Germany during the 1930s; over 70 percent of households owned a receiver by 1939, more than any other country. [220], In spite of efforts to prepare the country militarily, the economy could not sustain a lengthy war of attrition. On 30 January 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, the head of government, by the President of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, the head of State. [123] The reaction among Germans was one of surprise and trepidation as many were concerned about how much longer the war would continue or suspected that Germany could not win a war fought on two fronts. [416] Several Catholic leaders were targeted in the 1934 Night of the Long Knives assassinations. [38] Average wages began to rise. [57] When the other European powers failed to accept this offer, Hitler pulled Germany out of the World Disarmament Conference and the League of Nations in October, claiming its disarmament clauses were unfair if they applied only to Germany. [235] With the outbreak of World War II, the SS Einsatzgruppen units followed the army into Poland and the Soviet Union, where from 1941 to 1945 they killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews. The Jewish community was fined one billion marks to pay for the damage caused by Kristallnacht and told that any insurance settlements would be confiscated. Hitler’s first step was to persuade the cabinet to agree to new elections in order to provide a majority in the Reichstag. [61] In March 1935, Hitler announced the creation of an air force, and that the Reichswehr would be increased to 550,000 men. [44] Germany was now a totalitarian state with Hitler at its head. [150] Goebbels and his wife Magda committed suicide the next day after murdering their six children. [125] This pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves. Prominent feminists, including Anita Augspurg, Lida Gustava Heymann, and Helene Stöcker, felt forced to live in exile. [38] Using deficit spending, public works projects were undertaken beginning in 1934, creating 1.7 million new jobs by the end of that year alone. [191] The government was a disorganised collection of factions led by the party elite, who struggled to amass power and gain the Führer's favour. Excellent overview, especially with respect to the pre-WWII history. [54] The Nazis would take from the Jews their wealth, their right to intermarry with non-Jews, and their right to occupy many fields of labour (such as law, medicine, or education). [338] Polish civilians were subject to forced labour in German industry, internment, wholesale expulsions to make way for German colonists, and mass executions. [358] This was especially true of universities located in predominantly Catholic regions. [153] Suicide rates in Germany increased, particularly in areas where the Red Army was advancing. Several more attempts followed before the failed 20 July 1944 plot, which was at least partly motivated by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. [47], Most Germans were relieved that the conflicts and street fighting of the Weimar era had ended. Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch communist, was found guilty of starting the blaze. Members of the SA damaged or destroyed synagogues and Jewish property throughout Germany. Woman in Germany burning marks because the money was worth less than conventional fuels, 1923. [369] Thereafter women were funnelled into agricultural and industrial jobs, and by September 1944 14.9 million women were working in munitions production. [431] Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, who initially supported Hitler, changed his mind in 1936 and was later a participant in the July 20 plot. [445], Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich (2003), The regime promoted the concept of Volksgemeinschaft, a national German ethnic community. [423] Later Catholic protests included the 22 March 1942 pastoral letter by the German bishops on "The Struggle against Christianity and the Church". By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [98], From the start of the war, a British blockade on shipments to Germany affected its economy. Financial exploitation of conquered territories, In 1939, before Germany acquired control of the last two regions which had been in its control before the Versailles Treaty—Alsace-Lorraine, Danzig and the Polish Corridor—its area was 633,786 square kilometres (244,706 sq mi). An impressive assemblage of historical footage marred by superficial, reductive, distorted narration (and, it seems, the error of attributing an 1821 quote from Heinrich Heine—“Wherever they burn books, in the end they burn people too”—to an observer of the Nazi burning of books in the early 1930’s).

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