Alabama freedpeople welcomed emancipation but endured continuing hardships because of the prevailing and pervasive racial prejudices of the state's white inhabitants. 170 Central Park West The Alabama Department of Archives and History has federal census enumerations of Alabama for the following years: Population. Most antebellum slaves lived in so-called nuclear families (father, mother, and children).

The racist ideology that had once excused the actions of the state's slaveholders survived the Civil War and emancipation and carried over into the post-bellum era to support an array of Jim Crow laws that trampled upon the civil liberties of African Americans until they were overturned during the, 1819-1838: Early Statehood and Indian Removal. View Larger [5.5MB PDF] Distribution of the slave population in the South, based on 1860 census results. Slaves occasionally physically attacked their owners or overseers. The U.S. Census taken six months before Alabama's secession showed slaves accounted for 48% of Alabama's population, and free Blacks 3%. 1820 - index + census 1830 - index + census 1840 - index + census 1850 - index + census 1860 - index + census 1870 - index + census 1880 - soundex + census 1890 - Perry County (beats 8 & 11 only) - no index The 1852 Alabama Slave Code urged slaveholders to keep slave families together during sales whenever possible and to avoid separating children under the age of five from their mothers. Located on the lower level of the New-York Historical Society, Located on the lower level of the New-York Historical Society, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.

Reading these wills may provide the reader with a clue on their ancestors.

Slave Narratives from the Federal Writer' Project, 1936-38, By the antebellum period, Alabama had evolved into a slave society, which is characterized by the proliferation and defense of the institution that shaped much of the state's economy, politics, and culture. Most of the settlers came from the nearby states of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, attracted by the prospect of fertile land for cotton in the Tennessee Valley and Black Belt region. Slaves deeded from George Anderson to son William Anderson – Jun 1831

"Indian Slavery in Colonial Georgia. Wealthy planters generally had multiple domestic servants, whose duties ranged from cooking and cleaning to driving carriages, serving meals, and nursing children. Following the patenting of the cotton gin (in 1793), the War of 1812, and the defeat and expulsion of the Creek Nation in the 1810s, European-American settlement in Alabama was intensified, as was the presence of slavery on newly established plantations in the territory. Slaves in the Records of the Monroe Session, North Alabama Presbytery – 1823-1827; Autauga County Alabama Slave Owners.

On what size farm or plantation did a typical slave live? Since the U.S. government was not in effective control of many of these territories until later in the war, many of these slaves proclaimed to be free by the Emancipation Proclamation were still held in servitude until those areas came back under Union control.

How many slave families might have lived on such a plantation? Only on rare occasions did slaves resist their bondage violently.

Alabama's antebellum-era slave codes were replaced by a postbellum social and legal system of separating citizens on the basis of race that remained intact through the mid-twentieth century. Such incidents were exceptional, however.

Nonetheless, the 1852 Alabama Slave Code made the voluntary manslaughter of a white person by a slave a capital offense.

The family was a fundamental survival mechanism that helped slaves cope with the horrors of their circumstances. The plantation system was solidified throughout the first half of the 19th century, and Alabama was one of the first seven states to withdraw from the Union prior to the American Civil War. Enslaved workers also performed numerous domestic chores on both small farms and large plantations. 1.

Why do you think the U.S. slave population grew while the slave populations elsewhere in the New World failed to naturally reproduce their numbers? The outcome of the American Civil War ended slavery in Alabama. 2nd Floor Statistics: Slaves and Slaveholdings | Slaveholding, 1860 Non-slaveholders 76.1 percent 1-9 slaves 17.2 percent 10-99 6.6 percent over 100 0.1 percent Distribution of Slaves Number of slaves held 0 1-6 7-39 40+ Percent of white families 75 15 9 1 Percent of slaves held 0 16 53 31 Growth of the African American Population 1820 1.77 million 13 percent free 1830 2.33 million 14 Slave families also lacked the institutional and legal rights and protections of white families. During the colonial era, the Indian slavery in Alabama soon became surpassed by industrial-scale plantation slavery.

The average slave sold for a few hundred dollars, whereas men between the ages of 17 and 35 who could work in the fields often sold for more than a $1,000. How many slaves did a typical white Southerner own? The majority of slaves in Alabama, however, labored on modest farms, and the typical Alabama slaveholder owned fewer than five slaves. 49 W. 45th Street

The largest numbers of slaves were held in bondage in counties located in either the Tennessee River Valley or the, Alabama gained statehood during a period when. The Thirteenth Amendment permanently abolished slavery in the United States in 1865. How likely was it that a slave could find a spouse on a plantation of that size? Statewide Alabama Slave Owners. New York, NY 10036, Our Collection:

A table for each slave state documenting the number of slaves and slave owners is found beginning on page 223 of the 1860 Census report “Agriculture of the United States in 1860.” New York, NY 10024 When Alabama seceded from the Union in 1861, the state's 435,080 slaves made up 45 percent of the total population.

Slaves often worked alongside and sometimes slept under the same roof as their owner. Like its neighbors, the Alabama Territory was fertile ground for the surging cotton crop, and soon became one of the major destinations for African-American slaves who were being shipped to the Southeastern United States. Many wills contained information about slaves. Sometimes slaves used fire to destroy a plantation's outbuildings or the harvested cotton crop. Slaves were most often beaten for working too slowly, stealing, running away, and disobeying owners or overseers.

Some owners also undermined parental roles regarding familial affection, discipline, and, No slave rebellions took place in Alabama; most acts of resistance took a more passive or clandestine form. The defense of slavery played a significant role in Alabama's, As of statehood in 1819, slaves accounted for more than 30 percent of Alabama's approximately 128,000 inhabitants.

Headquarters: These circumstances reduced the physical distance between owners and slaves and sometimes forged temporary bonds of loyalty based upon a shared experience as farm laborers. Slavery had been theoretically abolished by President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation which proclaimed, in 1863, that only slaves located in territories that were in rebellion from the United States were free. Originally published in 1861. Female slaves also endured sexual abuse committed upon them by white men, including acts of rape and molestation. Visit the new Gilder Lehrman Institute Gift Shop here.

Slavery was officially abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment which took effect on December 18, 1865.

Many more slaves were brought to Alabama by slave traders, such as those operating in Mobile and Montgomery, where the state's largest slave auction houses were located. Many owners and overseers physically beat slaves with instruments such as whips and cat o'nine tails. Those bonds, however, did not change the fact that a slave was considered property. Many enslaved women were owned by small farmers and worked as domestic servants.

Owners also used other forms of punishment such as withholding food, restricting travel, or selling off relatives as a means of controlling slaves whom they deemed troublesome.

The slave population more than doubled during the 1820s and again during the 1830s. Although many owners ignored the statute, its passage reflected the increasing value that some legislators placed upon maintaining families among the enslaved. ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Slavery among Native Americans in the United States, Slave health on plantations in the United States, Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Alabama&oldid=964230848, Articles needing additional references from January 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 June 2020, at 09:04. Compared to their white counterparts, slave families had more mother-headed households and were less patriarchal, and their typical lack of status and property undermined expressions of male authority. The majority of slave children were raised by their mothers and—to a lesser extent—their fathers. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Montgomery County, Alabama (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 33) reportedly includes a total of 23,710 slaves, which ranks as the third highest total in the State and the seventh highest in the U.S. in 1860. 2. 2009. How rapidly was the slave population growing? Baine, Rodney M. 1995.

It is a precursor to population density maps that have been produced since the 1870 census and especially forshadowed the work published in the Statistical Atlas of the United States by Francis Walker in 1874. Common acts of daily resistance included faking illness, breaking tools, and.

During the colonial era, the Indian slavery in Alabama soon became surpassed by industrial-scale plantation slavery.[1][2]. Ethridge, Robbie Franklyn, and Sheri Marie Shuck-Hall. Slaveowners used a variety of punishments to discipline and dominate slaves. 3.



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