He believed that a new understanding of the self (called “self-realization”) was needed.”. George Sessions p.88. It does not claim to be a science, but is based generally on the new physics, which, in the early 20th century, undermined the reductionist approach and the notion of objectivity, demonstrating that humans are an integral part of nature - a concept always held by primal peoples [14][15] Duvall and Sessions, however, note that the work of many ecologists has encouraged the adoption of an ecological consciousness, quoting environmentalist Aldo Leopold's view that such a consciousness changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land community to plain member and citizen of it. Humans have interfered with nature to a critical level already, and interference is worsening. Conservationism, protectionism, the science of ecology, and deep ecology are some of the major components in the political and ethical movement of environmentalism. Deep Ecology explores the philosophical, psychological, and sociological roots of today's environmental movement, examines the human-centered assumptions behind most approaches to nature, explores the possibilities of an expanded human consciousness, and offers specific direct action suggestions for individuals to practice. Næss and Fox do not claim to use logic or induction to derive the philosophy directly from scientific ecology[5] but rather hold that scientific ecology directly implies the metaphysics of deep ecology, including its ideas about the self and further, that deep ecology finds scientific underpinnings in the fields of ecology and system dynamics. De mens mag de aarde alleen aantasten voor zover dit nodig is om in zijn vitale behoeften te voorzien. Humans have no right to reduce this richness and diversity except to satisfy vital human needs. This intuitive observation is born out by the current perilous environmental situation. Deep ecologists have suggested that the optimum human population on the earth, without fossil fuels, is 0.5 billion, but advocate a gradual decrease in population rather than any apocalyptic solution. Proponents of deep ecology believe that the world does not exist as a resource to be freely exploited by humans. The well-being and flourishing of human and nonhuman life on Earth have value in themselves (synonyms: intrinsic value, inherent value). 1. In particular, he claimed that environmental degradation was likely due to a conception of the human self that had been ill defined in the past. They maintain that androcentrism as seen in traditional power-wielding patriarchal society is responsible for the striving to dominate nature. In contrast, social ecologists hold that the problems of environmentalism are due to an authoritarian hierarchy that is also responsible for such ills as racism, sexism, and classism. The concept of “depth” of Deep Ecology is based on this existential understanding of spirituality. Through respecting and honoring our innate interconnection with all life forms, we can rediscover a human mode of being in alignment with the natural world. Ecofeminists would also place more emphasis on the problem of androcentrism rather than anthropocentrism. Deep ecology is a philosophical and practical guide pitted against the destruction of nature by materialism and consumerism and appeals for a change in the way we think about the world. This can be seen as a part of a process of expanding the prevailing system of ethics to wider groupings. Many were concerned about the sustainable development of the environment and these issues were taken onto global platforms such as the United Nations. Seed, J., J. Macy, P. Flemming, A. Naess. Het ingrijpen van de mens op de aarde dient te worden verminderd door een vermindering van het bevolkingsaantal en beperking van de westerse levensstandaard. [29] Deep ecologists point out, however, that shallow ecology - resource management conservation - is counter-productive, since it serves mainly to support capitalism - the means through which industrial civilization destroys the biosphere. Androcentrism (Greek, andro-, "man, male") is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at the center of one's view of the world and its culture and history. vaak technische oplossingen voor het milieuprobleem aandraagt die niet werken. Deep ecologists often call that conception of human nature the “ecological self,” and it represents humans acting and being in harmony with nature, not in opposition to it. eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'newworldencyclopedia_org-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',162,'0','0'])); Deep ecology offers a philosophical basis for environmental advocacy which may, in turn, guide human activity against perceived self-destruction.

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