were helots slaves

he:הלוטים So all i've heard about this is that the Spartans were a sort of small elite that ruled over the helots who vastly outnumbered them. [17] It seems they could enjoy some private property[18]: in 425 BC, some helots had their own boats. They were forced to work on the land and had to give the fruits to the Spartans. zh:黑劳士, Pollux 3, 83. Helots were not same as slaves,they were unfree population 'owned' by state,obligated to work(not forced) by Spartiates. The intervention of Archidamus II, who calls the Lacedaemonians to arms, simultaneously saves them from the earthquake and the helot attack. [41] He has been followed recently by J. Ducat (1974 and 1990),[42] who describes Spartan treatment of the Helots as a kind of ideological warfare, designed to condition the Helots to think of themselves as inferiors. I will explain. [36] The obligation of masters to prevent fatness amongst their helots is deemed implausible: as the Homoioi lived separately, dietary intake could not be rigorously controlled[37]; as manual labour was an important function of the Helots (for example, being used to carry their master's arms and armour on campaign), it would make sense to keep them well nourished[37]. [13], They were required to hand over a predetermined portion of their harvest (Template:Polytonic / apophorá), with the helots keeping the surplus. In effect, the hoplite system was a strict method of training to ensure that discipline was maintained in the phalanx. [24]. Finally, helots, like slaves, could be artisans or tradesmen. Helots, Could become artisan or tradesman (but so could slaves), However they were also considered vital people in the spartan community, they served Spartans and were some times aloud to fight in battle or aid wounded. fr:Hilotes de:Heloten Herakleides Lembos, Frag. This is a sharp contrast to the aristocracy at the time who were born into a rich social class with many rights to the Spartan slaves, who didn't have any rights at all. They were the helots, the subjugated and conquered people, the slaves of Sparta. They were unfree. [28] Aristotle compares them to "an enemy constantly sitting in wait of the disaster of the Spartans". [12] According to some authors, in the fourth century BC, citizens also used chattel-slaves for domestic purposes. bg:Илот Conversely, we can deduce that a minority of the helots were Laconian, thus making this the one and only revolt of their history. It has been assumed that when the Dorians conquered Laconia (the southeast of the Peloponnese), they reduced the native population to the status of helots. [14] The existence of the apophorá is contested by Tyrtaeus: "Secondly, though no fixed tribute was imposed on them, they used to bring the half of all the produce of their fields to Sparta.... Like asses worn by their great burdens, bringing of dire necessity to their masters the half of all the fruits the corn-land bears. The helots of Laconia appear to have been emancipated later by the reformer kings Cleomenes III (235-222) and Nabis (207-192). Helots: class of unfree peasants in Spartan society, who may be defined as state-owned serfs. The first helot attempt at revolt which is historically reported is that provoked by general Pausanias in the 5th century BC. Diodorus Siculus (XI, 63,4 – 64,1), probably influenced by Ephorus of Cyme, attributed the uprising equally to the Messenians and the helots. Some helots were also servants to young Spartans during their agoge, the Spartan education; these were the μόθωνες / móthōnes (see below). Unsuccessful Spartan soldiers were forced to become slaves. Sparta was forced to dedicate a garrison to controlling this activity; this was the first of the Template:Polytonic / épiteikhismoi ("ramparts"), outposts planted by the Athenians in enemy territory. ja:ヘイロタイ [32] It has also been stressed that contempt alone could hardly explain the organized murder of Helots mentioned by several ancient sources. Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009, Articles with invalid date parameter in template, https://abuse.wikia.org/wiki/Helots?oldid=16329. Spartans enslaved people from the places they conquered. The Helots could. For they ordained that each one of them must wear a dogskin cap (Template:Polytonic / kunễ) and wrap himself in skins (Template:Polytonic / diphthéra) and receive a stipulated number of beatings every year regardless of any wrongdoing, so that they would never forget they were slaves. Nevertheless, this category poses a number of problems, firstly that of vocabulary. If a member of the Spartan elite happened to kill a helot, it was not considered to be murder but an act of war. It is known for example, that while the helots would farm and grow produce to provide to the Spartan citizens, they would also be allowed to keep sufficient crops for themselves. According to Thucydides,[54] the helots and perioeci of Thouria and Aithaia took advantage of the earthquake to revolt and establish a position on Ithome. Sometimes slaves were marked with scars or tattoos so they could be recognized as slaves. About Pictures Sources Countries Languages Categories Tags Thanks FAQ Donate Contact Articles Stubs. During the same war and after the capitulation of the Spartans besieged in Sphacteria, the Athenians installed a garrison in Pylos composed of Messenians from Naupactus. It is difficult to reconcile these versions. Other modern scholars consider than, "although the details may be fanciful, [Myron's evidence] does reflect accurately the general Spartiate attitude towards helots". We know only that it happened before the disastrous earthquake of 464 BC. In fact, some ancient authors did not consider the term ethnic, but rather an indication of servitude: Antiochus of Syracuse writes: "those of the Lacedaemonians who did not take part in the expedition were adjudged slaves and were named helots",[9] while Theopompus (fragment 122), cited by Athenaeus (VI, 416c), states, "...and the one nation called their slaves helots and the others called them penestae...." [10]. Girls born of such unions, serving no military purpose, were likely abandoned at birth and left to die. Probably, helotism is a very ancient category; it may even be a survival from Mycenean times. They had to be permanently on their guard, and it is not surprising, therefore, that their magistrates (the ephors) declared war upon the Messenians every year. Again, pillaging and desertion did occur, but not on the scale hoped for by the Athenians or feared by the Spartans: there was no uprising like that which accompanied the earthquake. It was also possible to purchase freedom, or achieve it by undergoing the traditional Spartan education. ru:Илоты [23], Since the helot population was not technically chattel, their population was reliant on native birth rates, as opposed to prisoners of war or purchased slaves. Slavery was an accepted practice in ancient Greece, as in other societies of the time.Some Ancient Greek writers (including, most notably, Aristotle) described slavery as natural and even necessary.This paradigm was notably questioned in Socratic dialogues; the Stoics produced the first recorded condemnation of slavery.. Perhaps the best approach is to leave the niceties for what they are, and simply define helots as a class of unfree laborers. [2] Tied to the land, they worked in agriculture as a majority and economically supported the Spartan citizens. Helots were encouraged by the Spartans to impose a eugenics doctrine similar to that which they, themselves, practiced. Modern historiography favours the hypothesis of Antiochus of Syracuse. Besides, the rations mentioned by Thucydides[38] for the Helots on Sphacteria are close to normal. The helots fold, but revert to open warfare joined by the Messenians. Helots were assigned to citizens to carry out domestic work or to work on their klēroi. The first explicit reference to this practice in regards the helots occurs in Thucydides (IV, 26, 5). The total population of helots at that time, including women, is estimated as 170,000 – 224,000. Plutarch also states that Spartans treated the Helots "harshly and cruelly": they compelled them to drink pure wine (which was considered dangerous - wine usually being cut with water) "…and to lead them in that condition into their public halls, that the children might see what a sight a drunken man is; they made them to dance low dances, and sing ridiculous songs…" during syssitia (obligatory banquets)[34] However, he notes that this rough treatment was inflicted only relatively late, after the 465 BC earthquake. Were the Helots (Slaves) ethnically the same as the Spartans? [8], Linguists have associated the word with the root Template:Polytonic / wel, as in Template:Polytonic / halískomai, "to be captured, to be made prisoner." The Helots were slaves born in Sparta who had their rights taken away at birth, even the right to live. As many as two thousand were selected accordingly, who crowned themselves and went round the temples, rejoicing in their new freedom. Whatever the origins of helotism and its relation to slavery, it is reasonably certain that when the Spartans conquered Messenia in the southwest of the Peloponnese (probably in the eighth or seventh century), the native population became helots. All rights reserved. Philologists resolve this quandary in two ways: In any case, the conclusion needs to be treated carefully: At least from the classical era, the number of Spartans was very small compared to that of the Helots. All content copyright © 1995–2020 Livius.org. In addition to this military aspect, to be a hoplite was a key characteristic of Greek citizenship. [citation needed], What is more, the Spartans used helot women to satisfy the state's human personnel needs: the 'bastards' (nothoi) born of Spartan fathers and helot women held an intermediary rank in Lacedaemonian society (cf. This affair, recalled by the Athenians in responding to a Spartan request to exile the Alcmaeonidae Pericles, is not dated. An argument for this theory is that the word heilôtes may be related to a verb that means "capture". According to Herodotus, helots were seven times as numerous as Spartans during the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC. [16], Having paid their tribute, the helots could often live rather well; the lands of Laconia and Messenia were very fertile, and often permitted two crops per year. They were known as neodamôdeis and had the right to serve in the Spartan army, which also meant that they shared in the spoils. It is nevertheless clear that in any case the revolt of 464 BC represented a major traumatic event for the Spartans. Citizenship was a privilege; magistracies were usually reserved for men; not everyone was allowed to serve in the army; the right to marry was restricted; not everybody was permitted to own land; certain professions were considered to be vulgar; and nearly every society had at least one class of people who were not their own masters. Former helots are also recorded as rowers. The Spartans, however, soon afterwards did away with them, and no one ever knew how each of them perished. This page was created in 2005; last modified on 14 March 2019. "The Role of the Helots in the Class Struggle at Sparta". [52] Nor does the text allow us to conclude that this was a failed uprising of helots, only that there was an attempt at escape. The version of events given by Pausanias is similar. The besieged Spartan hoplites on.

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