marx bernstein

. . 52     But Bernstein interprets it as a warning to the working class against too much revolutionary emphasis on the seizure of power.  page 97     . his 'physical and mental ener- 131 [42] Finalism, therefore, inverts the sequence of efficient causality. '); modern industry, which, for Marx, represents 'the essence of capitalist production or, if you will, wage labour, labour alienated from itself which confronts the wealth it creates as the wealth of a stranger its own productivity as the productivity of its product, its own enrichment as self-impoverishment, its social power as the power of society over it' (Theorien über den Mehrwert, Part III, op. If time and space allowed, it would be obligatory to compare it with that remarkable document of ethico-political reflection, Marx's early text on The Jewish Question. page 105 [61] A new phase of capitalist prosperity ensued. ibid., p. 39. Since 'value' is now considered as the objectification of human labour-power, the critical scientific or anti-fetishistic discourse of Capital comes to coincide with the self-consciousness of the working class (a further proof of the unity of science and ideology). I, p. 173. 160-3. 90 No law obliges the proletariat to submit itself to the yoke of capitalism.     . [115] I am fully convinced that Marx and Engels, after the materialist turn in their development, never abandoned the standpoint of Spinoza. Since 'value' is now considered as the objectification of human labour-power, the critical scientific or anti-fetishistic discourse of Capital comes to coincide with the self-consciousness of the working class (a further proof of the unity of science and ideology). 85 ibid., p. 427. . [88] On the other hand, in conditions of commodity production, the work of individual producers is not labour carried out at the command or on behalf of society: rather it is private, autonomous labour, carried out by each producer independently of the next. 113  page 93 Turning to the passage from Marx, this interpretation seems to me to miss all its complexity. Firstly, 'by "capitalist" Bernstein does not mean a category of production but the right to property. that Engels's merit lay precisely in having liberated Marxism from the 'special economic-social form' it assumes in Marx's own detailed work, broadening its scope to the dimensions of eine Weltauffussung. Indeed, the theory of increasing exploitation holds good even in the case where wages have risen. O. Bauer, Zwischen zwei Weltkriegen?, Bratislava, 1936, pp.   Hence it is clear that 'the moment that labour-value is only valid as a mental formula (gedankliche Formel ) or scientific hypothesis, surplus value also becomes a pure formula, a formula based on a hypothesis'.  page 108 110 Kautsky, Bernstein und das sozialdemokratische Programm, op. 'A re-examination, a revision of our positions had therefore become necessary.' '[75] It is this equal or abstract human labour -- labour considered as the expenditure and objectification of undifferentiated human labour-power, independently of the concrete forms of activity in which it is realized -- that produces value. 98 This reference to Schelling recurs in almost all of Plekhanov's philosophical works. Ändern ). This theme, according to Marx, runs through the entire history of economic theory from mercantilism to Smith: the gradual rediscovery, beneath the mask of fetishized objectivity, of the alienated human subject. The counterposing of causality and finalism reappears here in the form of an opposition between factual and value judgements, between science and ideology. In commodity production, where social labour appears instead in the form of equal or abstract labour, it is not only calculated apart from the individual concrete labours, but acquires a distinct and independent existence. of the origin of profit in the difference between selling and buying prices (indeed, this is why 'consumer cooperatives' assume such importance in Bernstein's thought). [83] Value, according [118] 37 ff. ')[110]     This 'self-estrangement', or acquisition by labour of independence from man, culminates in modern industry, where it is not the labourer who 'applies the conditions of labour, but inversely, the conditions of labour which apply the labourer' (cf.

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