This product is rapidly replacing pyrethroids for IRS, but, as the product is inherently more expensive, it has cost implications. If so, the newer generation of drugs could be seen to be primaquine-sparing, to prolong its global utility as an effective drug, or, at best, prevent transmission without any need for primaquine. Access to these areas to deliver malaria control and prevention programmes is therefore difficult. Integrating surveillance and response into the health system, and its peripheral health structures, is impeded by weak governance, corruption and lack of qualified human resources. In addition, a recent study has highlighted that collaborating with formal and informal health care providers in remote locations can further increase accessibility [28]. The pillars can be tailored to national and sub-national settings to increase the effectiveness of elimination programmes [33]. 2018;17:15. Aware of the emergence of multi-drug resistance in the GMS, researchers and policy makers outlined the need for additional elimination tools. Between October 2016 and April 2017, a total of 32 semi-structured interviews (SSIs) were conducted with 17 policy makers and 15 leading malariologists. Article No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002380, http://www.unitaid.eu/images/themarketshare/Malaria_Diagnostics_Landscape_Update_Fe_2015.pdf, http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2014/report/en/, http://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/sites/default/files/content/ghg/mei-surveillance-systems-to-facilitate.pdf, http://www.who.int/entity/malaria/mpac/sep2012/primaquine_single_dose_pf_erg_meeting_report_aug2012.pdf?ua=1, http://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/global-health-group, http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/malaria/malaria_vaccine_funders_group/en/, http://www.who.int/immunization/research/development/Rainbow_tables/en/, Grand Convergence: Aligning Technologies & Realities in Global Health. The current malaria landscape offers both opportunities and threats. 2018. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/275867/9789241565653-eng.pdf?ua=1. In this context, two new global malaria policy and advocacy documents supporting elimination and eradication were released in 2015: the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Partnership’s Action and Investment to Defeat Malaria 2016–2030 and the WHO’s Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030. Acta Trop. Scientists are concerned about the potential spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites to Africa, where this would likely result in a major public health crisis [7]. “Bed nets work in most places but don’t work well in the Southeast Asian region because, again, of the behaviour of the vector and the early evening biting patterns and also the behavior of the humans.” (SSI with a senior researcher #31). The immediate availability of information on enzyme deficiency, through rapid testing and good access to data, will enable the scale-up of effective P. vivax treatments to drive malaria transmission down. Any disagreement among the researchers was resolved by discussions and only the agreed on codes were finally presented. A minimum of three “rounds” of drug administration is needed to ensure an impact on transmission. While resistance is a major problem, the current response has been reactive rather than proactive. Malaria Policy Advisory Committee to the WHO. Corruption is a nasty word. In addition, ongoing research in vaccine development [68], new long-lasting organophosphorous insecticides for indoor residual spraying [69], long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets (mostly for Africa) [70], new generation ACTs (or newer combinations) [71], high quality and affordable rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) [72, 73] as well as the use of technologies such as mobile phones, global positioning system (GPS) and internet may able to optimise future interventions [73, 74]. Although policy makers and researchers agreed that there was a need to strengthen case detection and treatment programmes, opinions differed in their assessment of the efficacy of the available elimination tools and strategies. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Affiliation Historically, LMICs that have aggressively adopted new tools have seen an additional 2%-per-year decline in child mortality rates compared with nonadopters [2]. V��hb���`���.�� We have done it in refugee camps in Thai villages, we can. intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women; IRS, World Malaria Report 2018. http://iris.wpro.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665.1/10945/9789290617181_eng.pdf?sequence=1, http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/greater_mekong/overview/en/, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/251668/WHO-HTM-GMP-2016.12-eng.pdf;jsessionid=56D09DB3DE183C71DD606597D0B2D6AB?sequence=1, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/275867/9789241565653-eng.pdf?ua=1, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/176712/9789241564991_eng.pdf?sequence=1, https://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/Qualitative%20Research%20Methods%20-%20A%20Data%20Collector’s%20Field%20Guide.pdf, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/310862/9789241550499-eng.pdf?ua=1, https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiz126/5382364, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/205565/WHO_HTM_GMP_2016.3_eng.pdf?sequence=1, http://www.cnm.gov.kh/userfiles/file/N%20Strategy%20Plan/National%20Strtegyin%20English.pdf, https://www.thecompassforsbc.org/sites/default/files/project_examples/Lao%20PDR%20NMSP%202011-2015.pdf, http://www.searo.who.int/myanmar/documents/nationalplanformalariaeliminationinmyanmar2016-2030.pdf?ua=1, http://www.wpro.who.int/vietnam/topics/malaria/vnm_national_strategy_for_malaria_controlnelimination.pdf, http://aplma.org/blog/31/thailand-government-launches-campaign-to-eliminate-malaria-by-2024.html, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2835-6. 2017;16:75. The largest gap in the vector control portfolio is an intervention that can be used at scale to target outdoor resting and outdoor biting mosquito populations. Several trials, expected to be reported in 2016, are underway to provide additional evidence that adding a single low-dose treatment of primaquine to ACTs can help reduce transmission of P. falciparum malaria, as outlined in the Primaquine Roadmap developed by the Malaria Elimination Initiative of the University of California, San Francisco [16]. Global technical strategy for malaria 2016–2030. However, continued investment in research and development and rapid deployment of new tools is needed (see Box 1). We confirmed that. Malar J. A community-directed strategy for sustainable malaria elimination on islands: short-term MDA integrated with ITNs and robust surveillance. No, Is the Subject Area "Infectious disease control" applicable to this article? Google Scholar. Malar J. These range from innovative diagnostics, medicines, vaccines, and vector control products to improved mechanisms for surveillance and targeted responses. Referring to political commitment, researchers and policy makers pointed out the danger of a centralized strategy of malaria elimination, which may fail due to a lack of expertise and ignorance of the situation in endemic areas, which could threaten the success of elimination. For example, targeted malaria elimination (TME), which includes mass drug administration (MDA), the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), strengthening of village networks of health workers, has been assessed in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam [8, 22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]. Subsequently, further Ethical approval was obtained from the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee (OxTREC) and was approved on 31 January, 2017 (Unique Protocol ID: OxTREC ref: 5122-16).
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