Main picture: Alandmanson/Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). Look how the cuckoo chick gets rid of the eggs of reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus)! The extended phenotype is the idea that genotypes outside of an individual (in other species) have an effect on the phenotype of the individual itself. extended phenotype (plural extended phenotypes) (biology) The phenotype extended to include effects that a gene has on its environment. Discover some basic ideas about the extended phenotype theory. In other words, the parasite genotype manipulates the phenotype (in this case, the behavior) of the host. Dawkins became famous after the publication of what would be his most controversial work, “The Selfish Gene” (1976), which was a precursor to his theory of the extended phenotype. It should not be confused with the genome: the genome is the set of genes conforming the DNA that a species has without considering its diversity (polymorphisms) among individuals, whereas the genotype does contemplate these variations. 1) and sometimes in ways that enhance the fitness of B. If you are very interested in the subject, I strongly recommend you to read ‘The selfish gene’ (always critical and from an open minded perspective). This distance can be phylogenetic, as occurs when the parasite and host are distantly related and commonly in different kingdoms [e.g. Dawkins cited as examples caddis houses and beaver dams. These behavioural modifications are not physically associated with the host but influence the expression of its behavioural phenotype.[5]. : beaver dams, ant colonies, a caddis fly 's protective cases, etc.) ( Log Out /  In 1982, Dawkins [ 1] defined the ‘extended phenotype’ attributable to a given gene as effects associated with the corresponding DNA sequence that are manifested by an organism whose cells do not contain that gene, i.e. A recurring example of this type of extended phenotype is the manipulation of the host’s behavior by cuckoo chicks (group of birds of the Cuculidae family). ", The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True, Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science, Science in the Soul: Selected Writings of a Passionate Rationalist, Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think, The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing, Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Extended_Phenotype&oldid=976038758, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 August 2020, at 20:57. The set of observable traits expressed in an organism through the expression of its genotype is called phenotype. Here, the replicator would no longer be recombination and mutation in human reproduction, but decisions taken by scientists or by a supercomputer if humanity were to outsource its own genetic modification to algorithmic decision making based on big data.[9]. Even in the lowest lifeforms there are thou… ( Log Out /  The phenotype describes what is actually happening with the organism. A phenotype is the physical expression of DNA. CallUrl('www>dorak>infohtml',0), The Extended Phenotype[edit]Main article: The Extended PhenotypeThe idea of the phenotype has been generalized by Richard Dawkins in The Extended Phenotype to mean all the effects a gene has on the outside world that may influence its chances of being replicated. [3] A 2013 study shows that an immune challenge with heat-killed Escherichia coli can generate the same changes in the behaviour as is seen in infection by Plasmodium yoelii. ( Log Out /  The Extended Phenotype is a biological concept introduced by Richard Dawkins in a 1982 book with the same title. What is what? It raises an unanswered question: to what extent is the alteration of host behaviour due to active manipulation selected for in malaria parasites? Where they fail at this (and they do, with some degree of regularity, it must be admitted), this can be attributed to the complex nature of the systems themselves. This is the challenge which he takes up in the final chapter entitled "Rediscovering the Organism." L'entrada no s'havia enviat, comproveu les vostres adreces electròniques! Everything you always wanted to know. It can also refer to the two alleles of a gene (or alternative forms of a gene) inherited by an organism from its parents, one per parent. Dawkins develops this idea by pointing to the effect that a gene may have on an organism's environment through that organism's behaviour. The genotype, or at least a part of it, expresses inside an organism thus contributing to its observable traits. A complex idea, isn’t it? rabies virus changing mammal behavior (Moore, 2002)]. Once in the water, the worms leave the body of the cricket behind, which drowns. Dawkins suggests that there are three forms of extended phenotype. The Extended Phenotype[edit] The main idea is that phenotype should not be limited to biological processes such as protein biosynthesis or tissue growth, but extended to include all effects that a gene has on its environment, inside or outside the body of the individual organism. The main idea is that phenotype should not be limited to biological processes such as protein biosynthesis or tissue growth, but extended to include all effects that a gene has on its environment, inside or outside of the body of the individual organism. However, is it possible that the expression of some genes has effects beyond the body itself? All living beings have a set of genes that, when expressed, manifest themselves in a more or less explicit way in their body, modeling it and giving it a wide diversity of traits and functions. These are all examples of the simplest type of extended phenotype: the animal architecture. Genes may affect more than the organism's body, D. P. HUGHES, J. BRODEUR and F. THOMAS (2012), An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23543-malaria-bug-may-give-mosquitoes-a-super-sense-of-smell.html, "Extended phenotype redux. CallUrl('en>wikipedia>orglike2do>combio-medicine>org
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