However, they can attain higher bursts of speed and have greater maneuverability in the water. Recent evidence strongly suggests a monophyletic origin for all pinnipeds from a single ancestor, possibly Enaliarctos, most closely related to the mustelids and bears. As true seals -- family Phocidae members -- harp seals do not have pinnae, which are the protruding segments of ears. This allows most phocids to forage far from land to exploit prey resources, while otariids are tied to rich upwelling zones close to breeding sites. The earless seals, phocids or true seals are one of the three main groups of mammals within the seal lineage, Pinnipedia. Seals have small flippers, wriggle on their bellies on land, and lack visible ear … Male otariids range in size from the 70-kg (150-lb) Galápagos fur seal, smallest of all pinnipeds, to the over 1,000-kg (2,200-lb) Steller sea lion. [14] Their fore flippers are used primarily for steering, while their hind flippers are bound to the pelvis in such a way that they cannot bring them under their bodies to walk on them. Retrouvez tous les avis et tests Ears Seal sur Aliexpress France ! The earliest known fossil osariid [sic] is Eotaria crypta from southern California,[1] while the genus Callorhinus (northern fur seal) has the oldest fossil record of any living otariid, extending to the middle Pliocene. Phocids produce thick, fat-rich milk that allows them to provide their pups with large amounts of energy in a short period. Under this categorization, the fur seals comprised two genera: Callorhinus in the North Pacific with a single representative, the northern fur seal (C. ursinus), and eight species in the Southern Hemisphere under the genus Arctocephalus; while the sea lions comprise five species under five genera. In light of this evidence, the subfamily separation has been removed entirely and the family Otariidae has been organized into seven genera with 16 species and two subspecies. Phocid respiratory and circulatory systems are adapted to allow diving to considerable depths, and they can spend a long time underwater between breaths. "Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds", "Fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae): identification of species and taxonomic review", "Sexual-size dimorphism: influence of mass and mating systems in the most dimorphic mammals", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eared_seal&oldid=982891274, Articles with Japanese-language sources (ja), Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Perrin, W. F., B. Würsig, and J. G. M. Thewissen (2002), This page was last edited on 11 October 2020, at 00:39. Unlike otariids, true seals do not communicate by 'barking'. [12][13] Instead, they suggest three clades within the family; one consisting of the northern sea lions (Eumetopias and Zalophus), one of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus) and its extinct relatives, and the third of all the remaining Southern Hemisphere species.[14]. Seals live in the oceans of both hemispheres and, with the exception of the more tropical monk seals, are … Finally, seals are less social than their sea-lion cousins. However, because they cannot turn their hind flippers downward, they are very clumsy on land, having to wriggle with their front flippers and abdominal muscles. 99 DOI: 10.1126/science.157.3784.99 "Otary, n., etymology of" The Oxford English Dictionary. They are more streamlined than fur seals and sea lions, so they can swim more effectively over long distances. Sea lions are covered with coarse guard hairs, while fur seals have a thick underfur, which has historically made them the objects of commercial exploitation. Otariids are adapted to a semiaquatic lifestyle, feeding and migrating in the water, but breeding and resting on land or ice. It probably arose from the extinct fur seal genus Thalassoleon. [11], Alternatively the three monachine tribes have been evaluated to familiar status, which elephant seals and the Antarctic seals are more closely related to the phocines. While otariids are known for speed and maneuverability, phocids are known for efficient, economical movement. Otariids have proportionately much larger foreflippers and pectoral muscles than phocids, and have the ability to turn their hind limbs forward and walk on all fours, making them far more maneuverable on land. Females typically arrive on shore a day or so before giving birth. They are generally considered to be less adapted to an aquatic lifestyle, since they breed primarily on land and haul out more frequently than true seals. 2nd ed. [citation needed]. The Baikal seal is the only species of exclusively freshwater seal. successful males breed with several females. More recently, five species have been split off from Phoca, forming three additional genera. The words 'otariid' and 'otary' come from the Greek otarion meaning "little ear",[2] referring to the small but visible external ear flaps (pinnae), which distinguishes them from the phocids. [1] Other early fossil phocids date from the mid-Miocene, 15 million years ago in the north Atlantic. The "earless" or "true" seals lack external ears altogether. The postweaning fast ranges from two weeks in the hooded seal to 9–12 weeks in the northern elephant seal. The pup's diet is so high in calories, it builds up a fat store. Phocids swim by sideways movements of their bodies, using their hind flippers to fullest effect. In most species, males arrive at breeding sites first and establish and maintain territories through vocal and visual displays and occasional fighting. An eared seal or otariid or otary is any member of the marine mammal family Otariidae, one of three groupings of pinnipeds. Sea lions (left) are brown, bark loudly, "walk" on land using their large flippers and have visible ear flaps. All true seals are members of the family Phocidae /ˈfoʊsɪdiː/. Other types of seals without visible ears are harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) … Neophoca The mother ends nursing by leaving her pup at the breeding site to search for food (pups continue to nurse if given the opportunity). A smooth layer of blubber lies underneath the skin. [5] The various Antarctic species may have either used the same route, or traveled down the west coast of Africa. Although the two subfamilies of otariids, the Otariinae (sea lions) and Arctocephalinae (fur seals), are still widely used, recent molecular studies have demonstrated that they may be invalid. They reside in subpolar, temperate, and equatorial waters throughout the Pacific and Southern Oceans and the southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Eumetopias [6], In the 1980s and 1990s, morphological phylogenetic analysis of the phocids led to new conclusions about the interrelatedness of the various genera. The dental formula is: All species are polygynous; i.e. Sea lions tend to feed closer to shore in upwelling zones, feeding on larger fish, while the smaller fur seals tend to take longer, offshore foraging trips and can subsist on large numbers of smaller prey items. The middle ear is also lined with blood sinuses that inflate during diving, helping to maintain a constant pressure. Thus, the northern fur seal and the South American sea lion tend to herd specific harem-associated females, occasionally injuring them, while the Steller sea lion and the New Zealand sea lion control spatial territories, but do not generally interfere with the movement of the females. Air is forced from the lungs during a dive and into the upper respiratory passages, where gases cannot easily be absorbed into the bloodstream. [12], Adult phocids vary from 1.17 m (3.8 ft) in length and 45 kg (99 lb) in weight in the ringed seal to 4.9 m (16 ft) and 2,400 kg (5,300 lb) in land-based members of the Carnivora, although they retain powerful canines. They lack external ears and have sleek, streamlined bodies. The Monk seals (Monachus and Neomonachus) are all part of the tribe Monachini. The dental formula for eared seals is: 3.1.4.1-32.1.4.1. Sea lions (left) are brown, bark loudly, "walk" on land using their large flippers and have visible ear flaps. 2–3.1.4.0–21–2.1.4.0–2. This is a miniature version of the humpback whales' strategy, which involves fasting during their months-long migration from arctic feeding areas to tropical breeding/nursing areas and back. But seals' furry, generally stubby front feet — thinly webbed flippers, actually, with a claw on each small toe — seem petite in comparison to the mostly skin-covered, elongated fore flippers that sea lions possess.
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